The Epistemology Page
.
Keith DeRose,
Yale University
Dept. of Philosophy
My goal is to pull together some resources in epistemology. I have
very
limited time for maintaining this page, so it is bound to be very
incomplete.
Hopefully, though, there will be enough material here for the page to
be
somewhat useful to those interested in epistemology.
When I started using hit meters on this page, I
became aware of the fact that this page gets a lot of internet traffic,
much of it apparently from surfers who
are referred here from Google searches, mainly on the term
"epistemology."
I suspect many of those surfers are looking for more basic information
than I provide here. Indeed, many are probably seeking a fairly
basic
answer to the question "What is epistemology?", and/or basic
introductory
material on what the main topics in the field are, while this page is
intended as a research aid for those who already have a pretty good
idea of
what epistemology is.
So, for those looking for more basic information,
see: What
Is Epistemology? A Brief Introduction to the Topic.
Also On-Line: Contextualism
in Epistemology - A Bibliography.
.
Blog, hopelessly devoted to
epistemology: Certain
Doubts.
Contents:
1. Collections and anthologies
2. Some Epistemology courses with Syllabi/Information
On-Line
3. Graduate Programs strong in epistemology and
Epistemologists on the Move
4. Some Epistemologists and Some of Their
Epistemological
Publications (since 1995)
A
. C . F . H . K
. M . R . T .
5. Other Epistemology sites
.
1. Collections and anthologies
(This section has gotten stale; I hope to update it in the
not-too-distant future. That or just delete it.)
.....
.....
.....
.....
Around the turn of the century (and of the millennium), a few
collections
of epistemology papers came out, which provided excellent entries into
the field. These collections are now several years old, and so no
longer provide such a cutting-edge-recent introductions to what's going
on now in epistemology. But keeping in mind that one will have to
also investigate what's been happening in the last few years, these are
still useful enough for students interested in the field that I will
list
them here.
-Philosophical Perspectives is an annual which is on a
different topic every year; 1999 was epistemology's turn (vol.
13).
This volume has many papers, many of them by the "usual suspects" in
the
field. A student who wanted to get up on the recent state of
epistemology
(at least as of 1999) would do well to start with this volume, find
some
topics that interested her, and then trace the trail of citations back
to find other literature on those topics. Blackwell Publishers
now
includes Philosophical Perspectives as a supplement to their
journal
Noûs.
To view the contents or to order, see Blackwell's site here,
or you can order through Amazon.com by clicking here.
-Another good entry to the field is the Blackwell
Guide to Epistemology (1999). The editors of that volume,
John Greco and Ernest Sosa, commisioned various epistemologists to
write
seventeen "survey articles," each one on a major area of
epistemology.
But in addition to describing the current state of each sub-field, each
article also sought to advance the topic. The description on the
Blackwell web page: "Each essay in the volume incorporates background
material
serving to clarify the history and logic of the relevant topic; as well
as new material by a leading author in the field." (Barnes
& Noble.com, Amazon.com)
-Another collection of recent work in epistemology is the
Epistemology
volume (volume 5) of the Proceedings
of 20th World Congress of Philosophy.
-Matthias Steup and Ernest Sosa eds., Contemporary
Debates in Epistemology (Blackwell, 2005) is an excellent
resource, consisting of "original essays on some of the most hotly
debated issues in the field. Is knowledge contextual? Can skepticism be
refuted? Can beliefs be justified through coherence alone? Is justified
belief responsible belief?" (from Blackwell's description).
Though I've read very little of the book yet, the line-up of issues and
of contributors looks super. The following philosophers debate
the following issues:
-Fred Dretske and John Hawthorne: "Is
Knowledge Closed under Known Entailment?"
-Earl Conee and Stewart Cohen: "Is
Knowledge Contextual?"
-Jonathan Vogel and Richard Fumerton:
"Can Skepticism Be Refuted?"
-Laurence BonJour and Michael Devitt:
"Is There A Priori Knowledge?"
-Peter Klein and Carl Ginet: "Is
Infinitism the Solution to the Regress Problem?"
-Catherine Z. Elgin and James Van
Cleve: "Can Beliefs Be Justified through Coherence Alone?"
-James Pryor and Michael Williams: "Is
There Immediate Justification?"
-Bill Brewer and Alex Byrne: "Does
Perceptual Experience Have Conceptual Content?"
-John Greco and Richard Feldman: "Is
Justification Internal?"
-Jonathan Kvanvig and Marian David: "Is
Truth the Primary Epistemic Goal?"
-Richard Foley and Nicholas
Wolterstorff: "Is Justified Belief Responsible Belief?"
-Vol. 10 (2000) of Philosophical Issues is on Skepticism.
-Vol. 14 (2004) of Philosophical
Issues is on epistemology generally.
And here are some not-so-recent-but not-all-that-old
collections:
- Philosophical Topics 23 (1995).
- Philosophical Perspectives 2 (1988).
- Philosophical Topics 14 (1986).
- Midwest Studies in Philosophy 5 (1980).
(OK, OK, I know that last one is now older than many current
undergrads.
But one's standards for "not-all-that-old" get pretty lax as one
ages.
Hey, isn't it about time for Midwest Studies to do epistemology
again?)
The above were all collections of previously unpublished
papers.
The following are recent (you'll be hard-pressed to find undergrads
younger
than these collections) anthologies of previously published
epistemology
papers.
- L. Alcoff, ed., Epistemology:
The Big Questions (Blackwell Publishers, 1998).
- S. Bernecker, F. Dretske, ed., Knowledge:
Readings in Contemporary Epistemology (Oxford UP, 2000).
- K. DeRose and T. Warfield, ed., Skepticism
(Oxford UP, 1999).
- M. Huemer, ed., Epistemology:
Contemporary Readings (Routledge, 2002)
- P. Ludlow, N. Martin, ed., Externalism
and Self-Knowledge (CSLI Publications, 1998).
- H. Kornblith, ed., Epistemology:
Internalism and Externalism (Blackwell Publishers, 2001).
- L. Pojman, Theory
of Knowledge: Classic and Contemporary Readings, 3rd ed.
(Wadsworth,
2003).
- E. Sosa, J. Kim, ed., Epistemology:
An Anthology (Blackwell Publishers, 2000).
Many teachers, looking for a single book of contemporary writings for
an
epistemology course, will find that Bernecker & Dretske and Sosa
&
Kim are their finalists. Comparing the table of contents of those
two anthologies (for the Bernecker & Dretske anthology, there is a
link to the table of contents on the right side of the OUP page for the
book),
the difference that leaps out first is that the Bernecker & Dretske
collection has three pieces by Dretske (plus one by Bernecker), but
absolutely
no Sosa, while the Sosa & Kim anthology contains two papers by
Sosa,
but absolutely none by Dretske. But there are many other
differences.
Each instructor should examine the tables of contents, and make her own
choice. Those who want an all-in-one anthology for a general
epistemology
course that contains historical as well as recent writings, in addition
to Pojman's antholology, might also want to check out Huemer's
collection
(follow the above link for a list of contents), which, despite its
title,
does include selections by Plato, Sextus, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley,
Hume,
Reid, Kant, Russell, Moore, Ayer, Carnap, Quine, and others.
Finally, teachers of introductory epistemology classes often like to
teach from an epistemology textbook. As it happens, I haven't
taught
a beginning epistemology class in quite a few years, and even when I
did
teach such a course, I taught from an anthology, so I can't really
speak
to which are the better textbooks. But here are some that have
been
suggested to me (hopefully, I'll be able to get links up to them soon):
Robert Audi, Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction
(Routledge,
2003).
Laurence BonJour, Epistemology:
Classic Problems and Contemporary Responses (Rowman and
Littlefield,
2002).
Jonathan Dancy, An
Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology (Blackwell, 1985).
Richard Feldman, Epistemology
(Prentice Hall, 2003).
Stephen Hetherington, Knowledge Puzzles: An Introduction to
Epistemology
(Westview Press, 1996).
Charles Landesman, An
Introduction to Epistemology (Blackwell, 1997).
Keith Lehrer, Theory of Knowledge (Westview Press, 1990).
Adam Morton, A
Guide Through the Theory of Knowledge, 3rd ed. (Blackwell,
2002).
Louis P. Pojman, What
Can We Know: An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge, 2nd
ed.,
(Wadsworth, 2001).
John Pollack, Joseph Cruz, Contemporary
Theories of Knowledge, 2nd Ed. (Rowman and Littlefield, 1999).
Matthias Steup, An
Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology (Prentice-Hall, 1996).
2. Some Epistemology courses with
Syllabi
/ Helpful Information On-Line:
| M. Bergmann |
Purdue University |
Phil.
432 |
Theory of
Knowledge |
Spring 2006 |
| T. Black |
University of Utah |
Phil.
5300/6300. |
Epistemology |
Spring 2003 |
D. Braun
|
University of Rochester
|
Phil.
516.
|
Selected Topics in Philosophy
of Language: Knowing That, Knowing Who, and Context
|
Fall 2005
|
J. Comesaña
|
University of Wisconsin,
Madison
|
Phil. 903.
|
Epistemology Seminar:
Skepticism and The Semantics of Knowledge Attributions
|
Fall 2006
|
T. Cross, K. DeRose
|
Yale University
|
Phil. 702.
|
Safety and Sensitivity of
Beliefs
|
Spring 2006
|
| K. DeRose |
Yale University |
Phil.
441/641 |
Epistemology |
Spring 1999 |
| K. DeRose |
Yale University |
Phil. 704 |
Contextualism vs.
Invariantism in Epistemology |
Spring 2004 |
K. DeRose
|
Yale University
|
Phil. 300.
|
Skepticism
|
Fall 2006
|
C.E.M. Dunlap
|
University of Michigan, Flint
|
Phil.
482
|
Contemporary Issues in
Epistemology
|
Spring 2005?
|
C. Elgin
|
Harvard University
|
Phil. 159
|
Epistemology
|
Fall 2005
|
| R. Feldman |
Universtiy of Rochester |
Phil.
243/443 |
Theory of Knowledge |
Fall 2002 |
B. Fitelson
|
University of California,
Berkeley
|
Phil.
148.
|
Probability and Induction
|
Spring 2005
|
B. Fitelson and S. Roush
|
University of California,
Berkeley
|
Phil.
290.
|
Williamson's Knowledge and Its Limits
|
Fall 2006
|
T. Gendler
|
Cornell University
|
Phil.
361.
|
Contemporary Epistemology
|
Spring 2005
|
P. Greenough
|
University of St. Andrews
|
Phil.
PY4606.
|
Contemporary Epistemology
|
Fall 2005
|
| P. Greenough |
University of St. Andrews |
PY3001 |
Epistemology |
Fall 2003 |
| P. Greenough |
University of St. Andrews |
PY5102 |
Current Issues, Epistemology |
Spring 2004 |
| G. Harman |
Princeton University |
Phil.
539 |
Theory of Knowledge |
Spring 2003 |
| T. Horgan |
University of Arizona |
Phil.
441 |
Theory of Knowledge |
Spring 2004 |
| M. Huemer |
University of Colorado,
Boulder |
Phil.
3340 (pdf
doc) |
Epistemology |
Fall 2006 |
| J. Kvanvig |
University of Missouri |
Phil
4300 (pdf doc)
|
Epistemology |
Winter 2006 |
J. Lackey
|
Northern Illinois University
|
Phil. 311
(pdf doc)
|
Problems of Knowledge
|
Fall 2006
|
J. Lackey
|
Northern Illinois University
|
Phil. 511
(pdf doc)
|
Epistemology
|
Spring 2005
|
| L. Loeb |
University of Michigan |
Phil.
389 |
History of Philosophy: 17th
and 18th Centuries [History
course, but
with lots of epistemology] |
Winter 2003 |
| W. Lycan |
University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill |
Phil.
477 |
Skepticism and Contextualism;
Virtue Epistemology |
Spring 2002 |
J. Lyons
|
University of Arkansas
|
Phil.
4203/5203 (pdf doc)
|
Theory of Knowledge
|
Fall 2006
|
| J. Pryor |
Harvard University |
Phil.
253 |
A Priori Knowledge |
Fall 2000 |
| J. Pryor |
Princeton University |
Phil.
313 |
Theory of Knowledge |
Spring 2004 |
J. Pryor
|
Princeton University
|
Phil.
514
|
Epistemology Seminar
|
Spring 2004
|
B. Rives
|
Union College
|
Phil.
367
|
Skepticism
|
Fall 2005
|
| J. Stanley |
University of Michigan
(Stanley is now at Rutgers)
|
Phil.
530
(word doc) |
Theory of Knowledge
(skepticism, closure, contextualism, etc.) |
Spring 2004 |
| M. Tooley |
University of Colorado,
Boulder |
Phil.
3340 |
Epistemology |
Fall 2001 |
.
3. Graduate Programs strong in epistemology -- updated April '06
From time to time I am asked, mostly by philosophers
who have an
undergraduate
student who is interested in going on to do graduate work in
philosophy,
which are the best departments to go to for epistemology. For
what
it's worth, here are my thoughts on the subject.
First of all, instead of asking me, you should check out Brian
Leiter's Philosophical
Gourmet Report, which is a good resource for anyone interested in
graduate work in philosophy. Particularly helpful is Leiter's "Breakdown
of Programs by Specialties" which, for many particular areas of
philosophy,
including epistemology,
ranks departments by how strong they are in that area. In the
previous (2002-04) PGR, those area evaluations were arrived at through
e-mail discussions of the members of the PGR advisory board that worked
in the area in question. This time around (2004-06), the area
rankings were determined by a survey of experts in the field -- where
the group of experts was quite a bit broader than just the advisory
board members that did the rankings last time around. Here
are the top 6 in epistemology, according to the PGR: Rutgers is listed all by
itself in Group 1, Oxford
is listed by itself in Group 2, and in Group 3 we find (listed
alphabetically) Brown,
New York University, Princeton, and U of Notre
Dame. Those results seemed fairly sound to me when they came
out. (Follow
the link above to see the rest of the departments that get ranked below
those 6.) But there have been significant changes since the
latest PGR came out. Here are some further thoughts about the
relevant departments, and also some discussion of the impact of recent
changes.
Boasting several very prominent epistemologists on its faculty, Rutgers
was well-chosen as the top program in epistemology. Alvin
Goldman, Peter Klein, Ernest Sosa, and Stephen Stich constitute a
formidable line-up of senior epistemologists. Additionally,
and importantly, Rutgers also has several excellent faculty members
who,
though epistemology is not their main area of research, have done or do
good work in the area: Brian Loar, Barry Loewer, Brian
McLaughlin, and Jason Stanley. A graduate student could easily
put together an
outstanding
dissertation
committee for a wide variety of dissertation topics in epistemology at
Rutgers. However, since the last PGRs, there have been several
changes in Rutgers's faculty, the net effect of which are probably a
bit to the negative side for epistemology. First, the positive:
On the faculty lists on which the last PGRs were based, Sosa was listed
as part-time at Rutgers because he was splitting time between
Brown and Rutgers, but, as reported here,
Sosa will be moving to full-time at Rutgers, beginning in January
2007. Now the negative: First, as reported
here, Colin McGinn has left Rutgers for the University of Miami.
McGinn was not primarily an epistemologist, but he had done some
prominent work in the area. Second, as reported here,
John Hawthorne is leaving Rutgers. Actually, this might not hurt
Rutgers relative to the last PGRs as much as one might initially think,
because, while Hawthorne was on Rutgers's faculty list for the last
PGRs, much of his reputation in epistemology is based on recent work
that has come out since those surveys were done -- especially his book,
Knowledge and Lotteries.
It's hard to measure the net effect of those changes, but my best guess
is that it all works out to a slight negative for Rutgers. But
though the negative effect, if any, is slight, Rutgers's standing as
the
by-themselves-tops in epistemology is more questionable than it was
when the last PGRs were done because their loss of Hawthorne was to
their chief rival in epistemology...
Oxford University features Timothy Williamson, one of the
world's top epistemologists and author
of Knowledge and Its Limits
(Oxford UP,
2000), one of the best and most important books in epistemology in
recent years. (In fact, in my view, that's a bit of an
understatement: I'm on record as saying KAIL is the best book in epistemology to
come out since 1975.) Also at Oxford is Ralph Wedgwood who has
written some excellent papers
in epistemology, and several other faculty who have episemology as an
area of interest. And now John Hawthorne will be going to
Oxford. Adding another prominent epistemologist helps Oxford
quite a bit in the area -- and helps them a lot more than it hurts
Rutgers, since Rutgers still has many top epistemologists left even
after Hawthorne's departure. Will the result of all the changes
be that Oxford moves up into Group 1, along with Rutgers? That's
hard for me to predict. When I had learned of Hawthorne's
deciding to go to Oxford, but had not yet heard of Sosa's moving to
full-time status as Rutgers, my very tentative guess was that there
would be such a co-grouping. Now, with Sosa's change in status,
I'm more uncertain than ever.
NYU will probably (and should probably) be moving ahead of
the other programs they were listed along with in Group 3 of the last
PGRs, with the possible
exception of Notre Dame. Their
epistemology team is anchored by three excellent senior
epistemologists, Paul
Bogghossian, Richard Foley, and James Pryor. Foley is
serving
as a Dean at NYU, as well as
being a member of the philosophy department, so there is no doubt very
stiff
competition
for his time and energy. (A look at Foley's recent publishing
record, however, shows that he has remained very active in his
epistemological writing, despite his duties as Dean.) But Pryor
has been added since the last PGRs, coming to NYU from Princeton, as
reported here.
This is big boost to NYU in epistemology, as Pryor is one of the most
prominent of the younger-tenured epistemologists. NYU also
has Crispin Wright listed on
their web page as a "regular visitor,"
but he probably shouldn't count too much because my PGR survey has him
listed as only quarter-time at NYU. Importantly, NYU also has
some other
outstanding
philosophers who, though epistemology might not be among their current
main
area of research, would be very good to work with there. Peter
Unger, though he now works mainly in other areas, used to be
primarily
an epistemologist (and an excellent one, too: there's a reason why I
picked 1975 as the year since which Williamson's KAIL is the best
epistemology book: I'd pick Unger's '75 skeptical treatise, Ignorance, as the best book in
epistemology since I-don't-know(!)-when). And, very notably,
Roger White has done some excellent recent work in epistemology.
In fact, White's recent work has been tending toward epistemology
enough that he should perhaps be counted as among NYU's excellent
epistemologists, and not just as an excellent philosopher who
occasionally works in the area. And
there are
several
other faculty members at NYU whom I think it would be very exciting to
work with in epistemology. Hartry Field's important work often
takes
him deeply into epistemological territory, and he could be an excellent
guide to some of this territory. And, though they don't list
epistemology
as one of their areas (at least on NYU's faculty web page), Stephen
Schiffer
and Thomas Nagel have each done some fairly recent work there. Some may
reasonably think that NYU may rival Oxford, or perhaps
even Rutgers, in epistemology. (I
should divulge that I may be biased in favor of NYU: My first job was
there,
and I know some of the people there very well. Still, I think my
advice here is sound.)
Notre Dame's epistemology
team is anchored by Alvin Plantinga, whose old (1980s) work in
religious epistemology proved to be provocative and important, and
whose
recent trilogy of books in epistemology -- Warrant: The Current Debate (1993),
Warrant and Proper Function
(1993), and Warranted Christian
Belief (2000)
-- constitute one of the major achievments in the field in
recent years. Joining Plantinga recently (but in time for this
change to have been already figured into the last PGRs) is Robert
Audi, an epistemologist
who has done a
lot of important work in the area, and who was hired away from
Nebraska, and an exciting team of
considerably younger tenured epistemologists: Marian David, Michael
Depaul, Leopold Stubenberg, and Ted Warfield.
Gilbert Harman and James Pryor were Princeton
epistemology's dynamic duo. With Pryor having left for NYU, look
for Princeton to drop noticeably in the next PGR epistemology
rankings. Princeton did hire Tom Kelly away from Notre Dame since
the last PGRs, however -- though this was settled in time that Kelly
was already on Princeton's faculty list for the most recent PGRs.
Though untenured at this point, Kelly
seems to be an excellent young epistemologist with some first-rate
papers to his name already.
Brown, too, should fall very
noticeably. Christopher Hill, an excellent senior epistemologist,
remains. But much of Brown's reputation in the area no doubt
derived from the presence of Ernest Sosa, one of the leading
epistemologists in the country, who has now moved full-time to
Rutgers. Sosa was already splitting time between Brown and
Rutgers when the last PGRs were done, but he was listed normally
(rather than part-time) at Brown (and part-time at Rutgers), so Brown
is likely to be hurt
quite badly by this change. Also, James Van Cleve, who is not
primarily an epistemologist, but who has done some important and
excellent work in the area, had been listed as splitting time between
Brown and USC, but will now be full-time at USC, as reported here.
Remaining at Brown, however, is Jaegwon
Kim,
who, like Van Cleve, has done some important work in epistemology,
though it isn't his main area.
Since the last PGRs, my own department, at Yale,
has added George
Bealer, much of whose important work has been in epistemology,
especially on a priori knowledge. And now we have also (very
recently) added Tamar Gendler, co-editor (along with John Hawthorne) of
the prestigious Oxford Studies in
Epistemology. Much of Gendler's interesting
epistemological work to date is in areas of overlap between
epistemology and other areas of philosophy (e.g., philosophy of mind,
the theory of modality, philosophy of science). Also coming to
Yale from Cornell is Zoltán Szabó. Though
Szabó is not an epistemologist, he is an excellent philosopher
of language whose work can be very helpful to students who work in
areas of overlap between epistemology and philosophy of language.
Since Yale is my
own department, there is a danger of bias in my judgment about where
these moves will likely leave Yale in terms of epistemology. But
the facts are that Yale was already ranked in Group 4 in the most
recent PGR epistemology rankings, and since then we haven't lost any
epistemologists (Robin Jeshion's leaving Yale was already figured into
those latest rankings), and have added Bealer and Gendler. So
Yale should be a very good choice for potential epistemologists.
But I probably shouldn't speculate beyond that, given my involvement in
the situation.
Fordham University was listed in the
most recent PGR epistemology evaluations as one of two programs that,
though they were not part of the PGR survey, were programs that in the
judgment of the PGR epistemology advisory board ought to be considered
by students interested in epistemology -- largely on the strength of
the presence of John Greco. And since that latest PGR, Fordham
has added Bryan Frances, much of whose recent work has been in
epistemology. Update 5/11/06:
It is now reported
that Greco will be leaving Fordham to go to Saint Louis
University. UC-Davis, which has hired Stephen
Hartmann and Jonathan Vogel since the last PGR surveys were done, will
probably (or at least should probably) be moving into a group with the
departments currently listed in Group 5 in epistemology, or possibly
with those currently in Group 4.
For the most part, and unsurprisingly, the top departments in
epistemology tend to also be among the top programs overall in
philosophy. Consider the programs that were in the last PGR's top
6 (Groups 1-3) in epistemology. Rutgers, NYU, Oxford, and
Princeton are all
good
enough overall that they arguably constitute the top 4 philosophy
departments
in the
English-speaking world, and are certainly at least not too far from
that; Notre Dame is several slots behind them, and Brown still several
more. For prospective epistemology students, that's both
good news and bad. Good because it's important to go to a program
with good over-all strength, and not just one good in your own area of
specialization. Bad because, being among the very top programs,
they are no doubt highly selective in admissions and therefore tough to
get into. (Going just by over-all ranking -- and I don't have
much else to go by here -- Notre Dame and, even more so, Brown, might
be a bit easier to get into than the other four.) Prospective
students interested in epistemology are
therefore well-advised to also look into other programs strong in
epistemology; see the list of strong programs in the PGR, following the
above links.
But in choosing a program for epistemology, whether it's one of the
"top 6" mentioned above, or one of the Group 4 or Group 5 programs
listed in the PGR, or one of the programs that didn't make the lists,
much will depend, of course, on how
well
your approach, style, and particular interests match up with the
faculty at the
various
programs. On that score, you might do well to read some of the
published
papers of the relevant faculty, and find someone whose work interests
you.
As a start, you can check out the depatments' and individuals' web
sites,
to which I've provided some links (in this section, for some of the
departments [for other departments, you can use my list of links to philosophy
programs with PhD programs],
and below for many of the individual epistemologists).
Unfortunately, you will find that, believe it or not, very many
philosophers, including very many from departments with graduate
programs, don't even bother to post
their CVs or a reasonably complete list of publications
on-line!
Still, many do, and one can get quite a bit of helpful information
on-line.
Hope this is of some help, future colleagues in epistemology.
Remember that it's just one epistemologist's opinion. Talk to
your
adivsors about it.
Epistemologists
on the Move. The following significant moves of
epistemologists were announced after the latest PGR rankings, and so
weren't taken account of in those rankings:
- George Bealer: Left the University of Texas for Yale University;
began at Yale in Fall of '05.
- Michael Bishop: Presently at Northern Illinois, but has accepted
an offer to move to Florida State
- Bryan Frances: Left Leeds for Fordham; began at Fordham in the
Fall of '05
- Tamar Gendler: Will be leaving Cornell to start at Yale in the
Fall of
'06
- John Greco: Will be leaving Fordham to go to Saint Louis
University.
- Stephen Hartmann: Presently at LSE; has accepted an offer to
UC-Davis.
- John Hawthorne: Presently at Rutgers University, but has accepted
an
offer at Oxford University.
- Jonathan Kvanvig: Presently at Missouri, but has accepted an
offer to go to Baylor.
- Keith Lehrer: Presently at Arizona, has accepted a Resarch
Professorship at Miami; some details here.
- James Pryor: Left Princeton University for NYU, began at NYU in
the
Fall of '05.
- Sherrilyn Roush: Presently at Rice, but has accepted an offer to
go to UC-Berkeley.
- Ernest Sosa: Has been splitting time between Brown and Rutgers,
but
will be moving to full-time status at Rutgers and leaving Brown,
starting January of '07.
- Jonathan Vogel: Presently at Amherst College; has accepted an
offer at UC-Davis, to begin there in the Fall of '06.
.
4. Some Epistemologists and Some of Their Epistemological
Publications
(since 1995)
....
....
....
....
This list is far from exhaustive. I add
publications
and epistemologists willy-nilly as I come across them or as they're
suggested
to me. (So if an epistemology paper of yours isn't listed, or if
you're an epistemologist who isn't listed, don't conclude that I've
looked at your paper, or at you, but judged them or you unworthy to be
included in this index. It may well even be that I did see your
paper and loved it, but didn't have my computer handy at the time, and
then didn't remember you & your paper when I did get around to
revising this page.) Still, many have
e-mailed to tell me that they
find this list very helpful, despite its limitations. Perhaps the most valuable aspect of the list are the links
to various epistemologists' homepages, where you can often find a much
more complete description of their epistemological (and other) work
(including
pre-1995 papers). A few epistemologists are listed
without
any papers listed below their names. This is because I'm not
aware
of any epistemology they've published since 1995. In each such
case,
they've done important epistemology in the past, so it was worth
providing
a link to their home page, where one can often find references to those
golden oldies.
A . C . F . H
. K . M . R . T
- Fred Adams,
University of Deleware
- "Tracking Theories of Knowledge," Veritas 50 (2005), no. 4: 11-35.
- with M. Clarke, "Resurrecting the Tracking Theories," Australasian
Journal of Philosophy 83 (2005): 207-221.
- "Knowledge," in Floridi, ed., The
Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Information and Computing
(Blackwell, 2004), pp. 228-236.
- with M. Clarke, "Toward Saving Nozick from Kripke," in W.
Loffler and
P. Weingartner, eds., Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International
Wittgenstein Symposium (Kirchberg: The Austrian Wittgenstein
Society,
2003).
- "Epistemology," in McHenry, Yagisawa, eds., Reflections on Philosophy, 2nd
Edition (Longman Press, 2003), pp. 81-101.
- "Epistemic Engineering Audi-Style," in J. Heil, ed., Rationality, Morality, and Self-Interest:
Essays Honoring Mark Carl Overvold (Rowman & Littlefield,
1993), pp. 49-58.
- Jonathan
Adler, Brooklyn College and the CUNY Graduate Center
- "Reliabilist Justification (or Knowledge) as a Good
Truth-Ratio," Pacific
Philosophical Quarterly 86 (2005): 445-458.
- "Diversity, Social Inquiries, and Epistemic Virtues," Veritas 50 (2005), no. 4: 37-52.
- "Reconciling Open-Mindedness and Belief ," Theory and Research in Education 2
(2004): 127-142.
- "The Revisability Paradox," Philosophical
Forum 34 (2003): 383-389.
- Belief's Own Ethics,
MIT Press, 2002.
- "Akratic Believing?," Philosophical Studies 110 (2002):
1-27.
- with M. Levin, "Is the Generality Problem too General?", Philosophy
and Phenomenological Research 65 (2002): 87-97.
- "The Ethics of Belief: Off the Wrong Track," Midwest
Studies in
Philosophy
23 (1999): 267-285.
- "Constrained Belief and the Reactive Attitudes," Philosophy
and
Phenomenological
Research 57 (1997): 891-905.
- "An Overlooked Argument for Epistemic Conservatism," Analysis
56
(1996): 80-84.
- "Transmitting Knowledge," Noûs 30 (1996): 99-111.
- Scott
Aikin, Vanderbilt University
- "Modest Evidentialism," forthcoming, International Philosophical Quarterly.
- "Contrastive Self Attribution of Belief," forthcoming, Social Epistemology.
- "Who Is Afraid of Epistemology's Regress Problem?", Philosophical
Studies 126 (2005): 191-217.
- Linda Alcoff,
Syracuse
University
- ed., Epistemology: The Big Questions (Blackwell, 1999).
- "On Judging Epistemic Credibility: Is Social Identity
Relevant?", Philosophic
Exchange 29 (1999): 73-89.
- Real Knowing: New Versions of the Coherence Theory of
Knowledge
(Cornell UP, 1996).
- "Is the Feminist Critique of Reason Rational?", Philosophic
Exchange
26 (1996): 59-79.
- Robert
F. Almeder, Georgia State University
- "Recent Work on Error," Philosophia 27 (1999): 3-58.
- Harmless Naturalism: The Limits of Science and the Nature
of
Philosophy
(Open Court, 1998).
- "Carnap and Quine on Empiricism," History of Philosophy
Quarterly
14 (1997): 349-364.
- "Dretske's Dreadful Question" (pp. 449-457) and "Externalism
and
Justification"
(pp. 465-469), Philosophia 24 (1995).
- William P.
Alston,
Syracuse University (emeritus)
- "Perception and Representation," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
70 (2005): 253-289.
- "Religious Experience Justifies Religious Belief," in M.
Peterson, ed., Contemporary Debates
in Philosophy of Religion (Blackwell, 2004), pp. 135-145.
- "Sellars and the 'Myth of the Given'," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
65 (2002): 69-86.
- "Back to the Theory of Appearing," Philosophical
Perspectives
13
(1999): 181-203.
- "Perceptual Knowledge," in J. Greco and E. Sosa, ed., The
Blackwell
Guide to Epistemology (Blackwell Publishers, 1999), pp. 223-242.
- "What is Distinctive About the Epistemology of Religious
Belief?" Proceedings
of the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy (Philosophy
Documentation
Center, 1999); Vol. IV, Philosophies of Religion, Art, and Creativity.
- "Chisholm on the Epistemology of Perception," in L. Hahn, ed., The Philosophy of Roderick M. Chisholm
(Open-Court 1997).
- "Belief, Acceptance, and Religious Faith," in J. Jordan, ed., Faith, Freedom, and Rationality:
Philosophy of Religion Today (Rowman and Littlefield, 1996).
- D.M. Armstrong, University of Sydney
- "A Naturalist Program: Epistemology and Ontology," Proceedings
and
Addresses
of the American Philosophical Association 73 (1999): 77-89.
- Robert
Audi,
University
of Notre Dame
- "The Epistemic Authority of Testimony and the Ethics of
Belief,"
in A. Chignell and A.
Dole, ed., God and the Ethics of
Belief: New Essays in Philosophy of Religion (Cambridge
UP, 2005), pp. 175-201.
- "Intellectual Virtue and Epistemic Power," in J. Greco, ed., Ernest Sosa and His Critics
(Blackwell, 2004), pp. 3-16.
- The Architecture of Reason: The Structure and Substance of
Rationality (Oxford
UP, 2001)
- Religious Commitment and Secular Reason (Cambridge UP,
2000)
- "Self-Evidence," Philosophical Perspectives 13 (1999):
205-228.
- "Moral Knowledge and Ethical Pluralism," in J. Greco and E.
Sosa, ed., The
Blackwell Guide to Epistemology (Blackwell Publishers, 1999), pp.
271-302.
- Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction to the
Theory
of Knowledge (Routledge,
1998).
- Moral Knowledge and Ethical Character (Oxford, 1997).
- "The Place of Testimony in the Fabric of Knowledge and
Justification," American
Philosophical Quarterly 34 (1997): 405-422.
- "Perceptual Experience, Doxastic Practice, and the Rationality
of
Religious
Commitment," Journal of Philosophical Research 20 (1995): 1-18.
- Bruce
Aune,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Guy Axtel,
University
of Nevada, Reno
- “Felix Culpa: Luck in Ethics and Epistemology,” Metaphilosophy
34
(2003): 331-352.
- "Epistemic Luck in Light of the Virtues," in Fairweather &
Zagzebski,
ed., Virtue Epistemology (Oxford UP, 2002).
- ed., Knowledge, Belief, and Character: Readings in Virtue
Epistemology,
Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.
- "Virtue Theory and the Fact/Value Problem," in Axtell, ed., Knowledge,
Belief, and Character: Readings in Virtue Epistemology.
- "The Role of the Intellectual Virtues in the Reunification of
Epistemology," The
Monist 81 (1998): 353-370.
- "Recent Work on Virtue Epistemology," American
Philosophical
Quarterly
34 (1997): 1-26.
- "Epistemic Virtue-Talk: The Reemergence of American Axiology?" The
Journal
of Speculative Philosophy 10 (1996): 172-198.
- Dorit
Bar-On
, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- Speaking My Mind: Expression and Self-Knowledge,
Oxford
UP, 2004.
- "Externalism and Self-Knowledge: Content, Use, and Expression,"
Noûs 38 (2004): 430-455.
- "Avowals and First-Person Privilege" (with D. Long), Philosophy
and
Phenomenological Research 62 (2001): 311-335.
- "Anti-Realism and Speaker Knowledge," Synthese 106
(1996):
139-166.
- George
Bealer, Yale University
- "The Origins of Modal Error," Dialectica
58 (2004): 11-42.
- "Modal Epistemology and the Rationalist Renaissance," in
Gendler,
Hawthorne,
eds., Conceivability and Possibility (Oxford UP, 2002), pp.
71-125.
- "A Priori Knowledge," Proceedings of the Twentieth World
Congress
of
Philosophy (Philosophy Documentation Center, 2000); Vol. V,
Epistemology:
1-12.
- "A Theory Of The A Priori," Philosophical Perspectives
13
(1999):
29-55.
- "The A Priori," in J. Greco and E. Sosa, ed., The Blackwell
Guide
to
Epistemology (Blackwell Publishers, 1999), pp. 243-270.
- "Intuition and The Autonomy of Philosophy," in DePaul, Ramsey,
eds., Rethinking
Intuition: The Psychology of Intuition and Its Role in Philosophical
Inquiry
(Rowman and Littlefield, 1998), pp. 201-239.
- "A Priori Knowledge and the Scope of Philosophy" (pp. 121-142)
and "A
Priori
Knowledge: Replies to William Lycan and Ernest Sosa" (pp. 163-174), Philosophical
Studies 81 (1996).
- "On the Possibility of Philosophical Knowledge," Philosophical
Perspectives
10 (1996): 1-34.
- James R. Beebe,
SUNY-Buffalo
- "BonJour's Arguments Against Skepticism About the A Priori,"
forthcoming, Philosophical Studies.
- "Reliabilism and Deflationism," forthcoming), Australasian Journal of Philosophy.
- "Reliabilism and Antirealist Theories of Truth," forthcoming, Erkenntnis.
- "The Generality Problem, Statistical Relevance and the
Tri-Level Hypothesis," Noûs
38 (2004): 177-195.
- "Reliabilism, Truetemp and New Perceptual Faculties," Synthese 140 (2004): 307-329.
- "Interpretation and Epistemic Evaluation in Goldman's
Descriptive Epistemology," Philosophy
of the Social Sciences 30 (2001): 163-186.
- Michael
Bergmann,
Purdue University
- Justification Without
Awareness, Oxford UP, forthcoming, 2006.
- “Reidian Externalism,” in V. Hendricks, D. Pritchard, ed., New Waves in Epistemology (Ashgate
Publishing, forthcoming).
- “Defeaters and Higher-Level Requirements,” The Philosophical Quarterly 55
(2005): 419-36.
- “Epistemic Circularity: Malignant and Benign,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
69 (2004): 709-27.
- “Is Klein an Infinitist About Doxastic Justification?”,
forthcoming, Philosophical Studies.
- “BonJour’s Dilemma,” forthcoming, Philosophical Studies.
- “Defeaters and Higher-Level Requirements,” forthcoming, The Philosophical Quarterly.
- “Externalist Justification Without Reliability,” Philosophical Issues 14 (2004),
35-60.
- "What's Not Wrong
With Foundationalism," Philosophy
and
Phenomenological Research 68 (2004): 161-65 .
- "Externalism and Skepticism," Philosophical Review 109
(2000):
159-94.
.
- "Deontology and Defeat," Philosophy and Phenomenological
Research
60 (2000): 87-102
- "Internalism, Externalism and the No-Defeater Condition," Synthese
110 (1997): 399-417.
- Sven
Bernecker, University of Manchester
- “Prospects of Epistemic Compatibilism,” forthcoming in Philosophical Studies.
- Reading Epistemology,
Blackwell, forthcoming 2005.
- “Rule-Following Made Easy,” in W. Löffler, P. Weingartner,
eds., Knowledge and Belief
(öbv-hpt, 2004): 63-69.
- “Believing That You Know And Knowing That You Believe,” in R.
Schantz, ed., The Externalist
Challenge (de Gruyter 2004): 369-376.
- “Impliziert Erinnerung Wissen?”, in T. Grundmann, ed., Erkenntnistheorie (Mentis Verlag
2001): 145-64.
- Knowledge: Readings in
Contemporary Epistemology, ed. with Fred Dretske (Oxford
University Press 2000).
- “Knowing the World by Knowing One’s Mind,” Synthese 123 (2000): 1-34.
- “Self-Knowledge and Closure,” in P. Ludlow, N. Martin, eds., Externalism and Self-Knowledge
(CSLI Publications 1998): 333-349.
- “Externalism and the Attitudinal Component of Self-Knowledge,” Nous 30 (1996): 262-275.
- “Davidson on First-Person Authority and Externalism,” Inquiry 39 (1996): 121-139.
- Michael
A. Bishop, Northern Illinois University --> Florida State
University
- with J.D. Trout. “The Pathologies of Standard Analytic
Epistemology,” forthcoming, Nous.
- with J.D. Trout, Epistemology
and the Psychology of Human Judgment, Oxford UP, 2005.
- with J.D. Trout, "Epistemology’s Search for Significance," Journal of Experimental and Theoretical
Artificial Intelligence 15 (2003): 203-216.
- with S. Downes, “The Theory Theory Thrice Over: The Child as
Scientist, Superscientist or Social Institution,” Studies in the History and Philosophy of
Science 33 (2002): 121-136.
- with R. Samuels and S. Stich, “Ending the Rationality Wars: How
to Make Normative Disputes about Cognitive Illusions Disappear,” in R.
Elio, ed., Common Sense, Reasoning
and Rationality, Oxford UP, 2002.
- "In Praise of Epistemic Irresponsibility: How Lazy and Ignorant
Can You
Be?," Synthese 122 (2000): 179-208.
- “Why Thought Experiments are Not Arguments,” Philosophy of Science 66 (1999):
534-541.
- “An Epistemological Role for Thought Experiments,” in N.
Shanks, ed., Idealization IX:
Idealization in Contemporary Physics, Poznan Studies in
Philosophy of Science and Humanities Bookseries, Rodopi, 1998.
- Tim
Black,
California State University, Fresno
- with P. Murphy, “Avoiding the Dogmatic Commitments of
Contextualism,” forthcoming, Grazer
Philosophische Studien.
- “Defending a Sensitive Neo-Moorean Invariantism,” forthcoming
in V.F. Hendricks and D. Pritchard, ed., New Waves in Epistemology (Ashgate,
2005).
- with P. Murphy, “In Defense of Sensitivity,” forthcoming, Synthese.
- “The Distinction Between Coherence and Constancy in Hume’s Treatise I.iv.2”, forthcoming, The British Journal for the History of
Philosophy.
- "Classical Invariantism, Relevance and Warranted Assertability
Manoeuvres," The
Philosophical
Quarterly 55 (2005): 328-336.
- “The Relevant Alternatives Theory and Missed Clues,” Australasian
Journal
of Philosophy 81 (2003): 96-106.
- "A Moorean Response to Brain-in-a-Vat Scepticism," Australasian
Journal
of Philosophy 80 (2002): 148-163.
- "Relevant Alternatives and the Shifting Standards for
Knowledge," Southwest
Philosophy Review18 (2002): 23-32.
- Michael
Blome-Tillmann, Oxford University
- "The Indexicality of 'Knowledge'," forthcoming, Philosophical Studies.
- "A Closer Look at Closure Scepticism," forthcoming, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society.
- "Coherentism and Foundationalism From A Contextualist Point of
View," in W. Loeffler and P. Weingartner, eds., Knowledge and Belief. Papers of the 26th
International Wittgenstein Symposium, Kirchberg am Wechsel,
2003, 42-43.
- "What's Wrong With Sceptical Invariantism?," in R. Bluhm and C.
Nimtz, eds., Selected Papers
Contributed to GAP.5, Fifth International Congress of the Society for
Analytic Philosophy, Bielefeld, 22-26 September 2003, Paderborn:
mentis, 157-68.
- Paul
Boghossian,
New York University
- Fear of Knowledge: Against
Relativism and Constructivism, Oxford UP, forthcoming, 2006.
- "Epistemic Analyticity: A Defense," Grazer Philosophische Studien 66
(2003): 15-35.
- "Blind Reasoning," Proceedings
of the Aristotelian Society, Suppl. 77 (2003): 225-248
- "Inference and Insight," Philosophy
and Phenomenological Research 63 (2001): 633-640
- "How Are Objective Epistemic Reasons Possible?", Philosophical
Studies
106 (2001): 1-40.
- edited, with C. Peacocke, New Essays on the A Priori,
Oxford
UP,
2000.
- "Knowledge of Logic," in Boghossian, Peacocke, ed., New
Essays on
the
A Priori (Oxford UP, 2000), pp. 229-254.
- "What the Externalist Can Know A Priori," Proceedings of
the
Aristotelian
Society 97 (1997): 161-175.
- Laurence
BonJour, University of Washington, Seattle
- "In Defense of the A Priori,"
in M. Steup, E. Sosa, ed., Contemporary
Debates in Epistemology (Blackwell, 2005), pp. 98-105.
- "In Search of Direct Realism," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
69 (2004): 349-367.
- with Ernest Sosa, Epistemic
Justification: Internalism vs. Externalism, Foundations vs. Virtues,
Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
- "Four Theses Concerning A Priori Justification," Proceedings
of the
Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy (Philosophy Documentation
Center,
2000); Vol. V, Epistemology: 13-20.
- "Foundationalism and the External World," Philosophical
Perspectives
13 (1999): 229-249.
- "The Dialectic of Foundationalism and Coherentism," in J. Greco
and E.
Sosa, ed., The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology (Blackwell
Publishers,
1999), pp. 117-142.
- In Defense of Pure Reason: A Rationalist Account of A
Priori
Justification,
Cambridge UP, 1998.
- "Précis" (pp. 625-631) and "Replies" (pp. 673-698),
Symposium on In
Defense of Pure Reason, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
63 (2001).
- "Haack on Justification and Experience," Synthese 112
(1997):
13-23.
- "Plantinga on Knowledge and Proper Function," in J. Kvanvig
ed., Warrant
and Contemporary Epistemology (Rowman & Littlefield, 1996):
47-71.
- "Sosa on Knowledge, Justification, and Aptness," Philosophical
Studies
78 (1995): 207-220.
- Nick Bostrom, Oxford
University
- “The Simulation Argument: Reply to Brian Weatherson,” Philosophical Quarterly 55 (2005):
90-97.
- “Are You Living In A Computer Simulation?”, Philosophical Quarterly 53 (2003):
243-255.
- Luc Bovens, London School of
Economics and Political Science
- with S. Hartmann, Bayesian
Epistemology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003.
- with S. Hartmann, "Why There Cannot Be a Single Probabilistic
Measure
of Coherence," forthcoming, Erkenntnis.
- with S. Hartmann, "Coherence and the Role of Specificity: A
Response to
Meijs and Douven," Mind 114
(2005).
- with E. Olsson, "Believing More, Risking Less: On Coherence,
Truth and
Non-Trivial Extensions," Erkenntnis
57 (2002): 137-150.
- with S. Hartmann, "Bayesian Networks and the Problem of
Unreliable
Instruments," Philosophy of Science
69 (2002): 29-73.
- with S. Leeds, "The Epistemology of Social Facts: The
Evidential Value
of Personal Experience versus Testimony," in G. Meggle, ed., Social Facts and Collective Intentionality
(Frankfurt a.M., 2002).
- with E. Olsson, "Coherentism, Reliability and Bayesian
Networks," Mind 109 (2000):
685-719.
- with J. Hawthorne, "The Preface, the Lottery and the Logic of
Belief," Mind 108 (1999):
241-264.
- "Do Beliefs Supervene on Degrees of Confidence?", in A.
Meigers, ed., Belief, Cognition and
the Will
(Tilburg University Press, 1999).
- "Sequential Counterfactuals, Cotenability and Temporal
Becoming," Philosophical Studies
90 (1998):
79-101.
- "'P and I Will Believe that Not-P': Diachronic Constraints on
Rational
Belief," Mind 104 (1995):
737-760.
- David
Braun, University of
Rochester
- Russellianism and Psychological Generalizations," Nous 34 (2000): 203-236.
- "Understanding Belief Reports," Philosophical Review 107 (1998):
555-595..
- Bill
Brewer, University of Warwick
- "Perceptual Experience Has Conceptual Content," in M. Steup, E.
Sosa, ed., Contemporary Debates in
Epistemology (Blackwell, 2005), pp. 217-230.
- "Externalism and A Priori Knowledge of Empirical Facts," in
Boghossian,
Peacocke, ed., New Essays on the A Priori (Oxford UP, 2000),
pp.
415-432.
- "Self-Knowledge and Externalism," Proceedings of the
Twentieth
World
Congress of Philosophy (Philosophy Documentation Center, 2000);
Vol.
V, Epistemology: 39-47.
- Perception and Reason (Oxford UP, 1999).
- "Précis" (pp. 405-416) and "Replies" (pp. 449-464),
Symposium on Perception
and Reason, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 63
(2001).
- "Experience and Reason in Perception" in A. O'Hear, ed., Current
Issues
in Philosophy of Mind (Cambridge UP, 1998).
- "Foundations of Perceptual Knowledge," American
Philosophical
Quarterly
34 (1997): 41-55.
- "Internalism and Perceptual Knowledge," European Journal of
Philosophy
4 (1996): 259-275.
- "Mental Causation II," Proceedings of the Aristotelian
Society,
Supplemental Volume 69 (1995): 237-253.
- Berit Brogaard,
University of Missouri, St. Louis -- blog: Lemmings.
- with J. Salerno, “Knowability and a Modal Closure Principle,”
forthcoming, American Philosophical
Quarterly.
- with J. Salerno, “Knowability, Possibility and Paradox,”
forthcoming in V. Hendricks and D. Pritchard, eds., New Waves in Epistemology, Ashgate.
- "Contextualism, Skepticism, and the Gettier Problem," Synthese 139 (2004): 367-386.
- "Epistemological Contextualism and the Problem of Moral Luck," Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 84
(2003): 351-370.
- "Adhoccery in Epistemology," Philosophical
Papers 32 (2003): 65-82.
- with J. Salerno, "Clues to the Paradoxes of Knowability: Reply
to Dummett and Tennant," Analysis
62 (2002): 143-150.
- "Peirce on Abduction and Rational Control," Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce
Society 35 (1999): 129-155.
- Audre Jean Brokes, Saint Josephs's University
- "What Does the Generality Problem Show?", Pacific
Philosophical
Quarterly
82 (2001): 145-156.
- Fernando Broncano, University of Salamanca, Spain
- "Reliable Rationality," Proceedings of the Twentieth World
Congress
of Philosophy (Philosophy Documentation Center, 2000); Vol. V,
Epistemology:
49-59.
- Jessica Brown,
University of
Bristol
- "Adapt or Die: The Death of Invariantism?," The
Philosophical
Quarterly 55 (2005): 263-285.
- "Williamson on Luminosity and Contextualism," The
Philosophical
Quarterly 55 (2005): 319-327.
- "Anti-Individualism and Agnosticism," Analysis 61
(2001):
213-224.
- "Critical Reasoning, Understanding and Self-Knowledge", Philosophy
and
Phenomenological Research 61 (2000): 659-676.
- "Reliabilism, Knowledge and Mental Content", Proceedings of
the
Aristotelian
Society 100 (2000): 115-135.
- "Boghossian on Externalism and Privileged Access," Analysis
59
(1999):
52-59.
- "The Incompatibility of Anti-Individualism and Privileged
Access," Analysis
55 (1995): 149-156.
- Anthony
Brueckner,
University of California, Santa Barabara
- "Contexualism, Hawthorne's Invariantism and Third-Person
Cases," The
Philosophical
Quarterly 55 (2005): 315-318.
- "Cartesian Skepticism, Content Externalism, and
Self-Knowledge," Veritas 50
(2005), no.
4: 53-64.
- "Williamson on the Primeness of Knowing," Analysis 62
(2002):
197-202.
- "Anti-Individualism and Analyticity," Analysis 62
(2002): 87-91.
- "Bonjour's A Priori Justification of Induction," Pacific
Philosophical
Quarterly 82 (2001): 1-10.
- "A Priori Knowledge of the World Not Easily Available," Philosophical
Studies 104 (2001): 109-114.
- "Klein on Closure and Skepticism," Philosophical Studies
98
(2000):
139-151.
- "Externalism and the A Prioricity of Self-Knowledge," Analysis
60
(2000): 132-136.
- "Ambiguity and Knowledge of Content," Analysis 60
(2000):
257-260.
- "Two Recent Approaches to Self-Knowledge," Philosophical
Perspectives
13 (1999): 251-271.
- "The Super-Omnicient Interpreter," Philosophical Quarterly
49
(1999):
526-528.
- "Transcendental Arguments from Content Externalism," in R.
Stern, ed., Transcendental
Arguments: Problems and Prospects, Oxford UP, 1999.
- "Difficulties in Generating Scepticism about Knowledge of
Content," Analysis
59 (1999): 59-63.
- "Shoemaker on Second-Order Belief," Philosophy and
Phenomenological
Research 58 (1998): 361-364.
- "Closure and Context," Ratio 11 (1998): 78-82.
- "Externalism and Memory," Pacific Philosophical Quarterly
78
(1997):
1-12.
- "Is Scepticism about Self-Knowledge Incoherent?", Analysis
57
(1997):
287-290.
- "Deontologism and Internalism in Epistemology," Nous 30
(1996):
527-536.
- "Trying to Get Outside Your Own Skin," Philosophical Topics
23
(1995):
79-111.
- "Scepticism and the Causal Theory of Reference," Philosophical
Quarterly 45
(1995): 199-201.
- Tyler
Burge, University of California, Los Angeles
- "Perceptual Entitlement," Philosophy and Phenomonelogical
Research
67 (2003): 503-548
- "Frege on Apriority," in Boghossian, Peacocke, ed., New
Essays on
the
A Priori (Oxford UP, 2000), pp. 11-42.
- "A Century of Deflation and a Moment About Self-Knowledge," Proceedings
and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 73 (1999):
25-46.
- "Frege on Knowing the Foundation," Mind 107 (1998):
305-347.
- "Computer Proof, Apriori Knowledge, and Other Minds," Philosophical
Perspectives 12 (1998).
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Butchvarov,
University of Iowa
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- Keith Butler, Western Washington University
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and
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Massachusetts
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Contemporary Debates in
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- Joseph
Camp,
University of Pittsburgh
- Confusion: A Study in the Theory of Knowledge, Harvard
UP,
2002
- James
Cargile,
University of Virginia
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(2005).
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Carruthers, University of Maryland
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Peacocke,
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- Albert
Casullo,
University of Nebraska
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- "Experience and A Priori Justification," Philosophy and
Phenomenological
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- "The Coherence of Empiricism," Pacific Philosophical
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(2000): 31-48.
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Philosophy
38 (2000), Spindel Conference Supplement: 17-25.
- "Is Empiricism Coherent?" Proceedings of the Twentieth
World
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Epistemology:
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Priori
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- David Chalmers,
University
of Arizona
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Smith, A.
Jokic,
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2002).
- James
Chase, University of Tasmania
- "Indicator Reliabilism,"
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 69 (2004): 115-137.
- "Is Externalism about Content Inconsistent with Internalism
about Justification?", Australasian Journal of Philosophy 79 (2001):
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- David
Christensen,
University of Vermont
- Putting Logic in its Place:
Formal Constraints on Rational Belief, Oxford UP, 2004.
- "Diachronic Coherence vs. Epistemic Impartiality," Philosophical
Review
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461.
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384.
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Priori," Philosophical
Studies 86 (1997): 1 - 20.
- "Dutch Books Depragmatized: Epistemic Consistency for Partial
Believers,"Journal
of Philosophy 93 (1996): 450-479.
- Critical Study of Robert Nozick's The Nature of Rationality, Noûs
29 (1995): 259 - 274.
- Murray
Clarke,
Concordia University, Montreal
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Journal of Philosophy 83 (2005): 207-221.
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2004.
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the
Twentieth
World Congress of Philosophy (Philosophy Documentation Center,
2000);
Vol. V, Epistemology: 75-82.
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the
Philosophy
of Science 178 (1996): 53-62.
- Andrew D. Cling, University of Alabama, Huntsville
- "Justification-Affording Circular Arguments," Philosophical
Studies
111 (2002): 251-275
- "Epistemic Levels and the Problem of the Criterion," Philosophical
Studies
88 (1997): 109-140.
- Lorraine
Code,
York University
- "Epistemology," in A. Jaggar, ed., A Companion to Feminist
Philosophy
(Blackwell, 1998).
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Philosophical
Quarterly 33 (1996): 1-22
- E.J. Coffman,
University of Notre Dame
- "Defending Klein on Closure and Skepticism," forthcoming, Synthese.
- with D. Howard-Snyder, “Three Arguments against
Foundationalism,” forthcoming, Canadian
Journal of Philosophy.
- Jonathan Cohen,
University
of California,
San Diego
- with P. Magnus, "Williamson on Knowledge and Psychological
Explanation," Philosophical
Studies 116 (2003): 37-52
- Stewart Cohen, Arizona State University
- "Contextualism Defended," in M. Steup, E. Sosa, ed., Contemporary Debates in Epistemology
(Blackwell, 2005), pp. 56-62.
- "Why Basic Knowledge is Easy Knowledge," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
70 (2005): 417-430.
- "Knowledge, Speaker and Subject," The
Philosophical
Quarterly 55 (2005): 199-212.
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J. Greco, ed., Ernest Sosa and His
Critics (Blackwell, 2004), pp. 17-21.
- "Basic Knowledge and the Problem of Easy Knowledge," Philosophy
and
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Klein,
Hawthorne,
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- "Contextualism, Skepticism, and the Structure of Reasons," Philosophical
Perspectives 13 (1999): 57-89.
- "Lehrer on Coherence and Self-Trust," Philosophy and
Phenomenological
Research 49 (1999): 1043-1048.
- "Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems:
Scepticism,
Gettier,
and the Lottery," Australasian Journal of Philosophy 76 (1998):
289-306.
- "Two Kinds of Skeptical Argument," Philosophy and
Phenomenological
Research58
(1998): 143-159.
- "Fumerton on Metaepistemology and Skepticism," Philosophy
and
Phenomenological
Research 58 (1998): 913-918.
- Juan
Comesaña,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
- "We Are (Almost) All Externalists Now," forthcoming, Philosophical Perspectives.
- "A Well-Founded Solution to the Generality Problem,
forthcoming, Philosophical Studies
129 (2006: 27-47.
- "Justified vs. Warranted Perceptual Belief: A Case Against
Disjunctivism,"
forthcoming, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.
- "Unsafe Knowledge," Synthese 146 (2005): 395-404.
- "The Diagonal and the Demon," Philosophical Studies 100
(2002):
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- Earl
Conee,
University of Rochester
- "Contextualism Contested," in M. Steup, E. Sosa, ed., Contemporary Debates in Epistemology
(Blackwell, 2005), pp. 47-56.
- with R. Feldman, "Some Virtues of Evidentialism," Veritas 50 (2005), no. 4: 95-108.
- with R. Feldman, Evidentialism, Oxford UP, 2004.
- with R. Feldman, "Typing Problems" (a response to Adler and
Levin's "Is
the Generality Problem too General?"), Philosophy and
Phenomenological
Research 65 (2002): 98-105
- with R. Feldman, "Internalism Defended," American
Philosophical
Quarterly
38 (2001):
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58
(1998).
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Studies 89 (1998): 1-29.
- "Plantinga's Naturalism," in J. Kvanvig ed., Warrant and
Contemporary
Epistemology (Rowman & Littlefield, 1996): 183-196.
- Josep E. Corbi, Universitat de Valencia
- "The Principle of Inferential Justification, Scepticism, and
Causal
Beliefs," Philosophical
Issues 10 (2000): 377-385.
- Edward
Craig,
University of Cambridge
- "Response to Lehrer ['s "Discursive Knowledge"]," Philosophy
and
Phenomenological
Research 60 (2000): 655-665.
- Thomas
Crisp, Biola University
- "Hawthorne on Knowledge and Practical Reasoning," Analysis 65 (2005): 138-140.
- "Gettier and Plantinga's Revised Account of Warrant," Analysis
60
(2000): 42-50.
- Joseph
Cruz, Williams College
- with John Pollock, "The Chimerical Appeal of Epistemic
Externalism," in
R. Schantz, ed., The Externalist Challenge: Studies on Cognition
and
Intentionality (New York: de Gruyter, forthcoming).
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2nd
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- Jonathan
Dancy,
University of Reading
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45(1995):
421-438.
- "Supervenience, Virtues and Consequences: A Commentary on Knowledge
in Perspective by Ernest Sosa," Philosophical Studies 78
(1995):189-205.
- Charles B. Daniels, University of Victoria
- "A Theism-Free Cartesian Analysis of Knowledge," Noûs
33
(1999):
201-213
- Marian
David, University of Notre Dame
- "Truth as the Primary Epistemic Goal: A Working Hypothesis," in
M. Steup, E. Sosa, ed., Contemporary
Debates in Epistemology (Blackwell, 2005), pp. 296-312.
- "Truth as the Epistemic Goal," in M. Steup, ed., Knowledge, Truth, and Duty (Oxford
UP, 2001)
- "Two Conceptions of the Synthetic A Priori," in L. Hahn, ed., The Philosophy of Roderick M. Chisholm
(Open Court, 1997).
- Martin
Davies, Australian National University
- "Externalism and Armchair Knowledge," in Boghossian, Peacocke,
ed., New
Essays on the A Priori (Oxford UP, 2000), pp. 384-414.
- "Self-Knowledge, Armchair Knowledge, and Knowledge by
Inference,"
forthcoming, Proceedings
of the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy (Philosophy
Documentation
Center, 1999); Vol. V, Epistemology.
- "Externalism, Architectuaralism, and Epistemic Warrant," in
McDonald,
Smith
and Wright, eds., Knowing Our Own Minds: Essays in Self-Knowledge
(Oxford UP, 1998).
- Wayne
A. Davis, Georgetown University
- "Concepts and Epistemic Individuation," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
70 (2005): 290-325.
- Michael
DePaul,
University of Notre Dame
- "Truth Consequentialism, Withholding and Proportioning Belief
to the Evidence," Philosophical
Issues 14 (2004): 91-112.
- ed., with L. Zagzebski, Intellectual
Virtue: Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemology, Clarendon
Press, 2003.
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Epistemic Justification, Responsibility, and Virtue, Oxford UP,
2001.
- ed., Resurrecting
Old-Fashioned Foundationalism, Rowman and Littledfield, 2000.
- "Linguistics is Not a Good Model for Philosophy," The
Southern
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of Philosophy 38 (2000), Spindel Conference Supplement: 113-120.
- ed., with W. Ramsey, Rethinking
Intuition: The Psychology of Intuition and Its Role in Philosophical
Inquiry, Rowman and Littlefield, 1999.
- "Why Bother with Reflective Equilibrium?", DePaul, Ramsey, ed.,
Rethinking Intuition,
Rowman and Littlefield, 1998.
- Graciela De Pierris, Indiana University
- "Philosophical Scepticism in Wittgenstein's On Certainty"
in R.
Popkin, ed., Scepticism in the History of Philosophy: A
Pan-American
Dialogue (Kluwer, 1996)
- Michael
Della Rocca, Yale University
- "Descartes, the Cartesian Circle, and Epistemology Without
God," Philosophy and
Phenomenological Research 70 (2005): 1-33.
- Keith DeRose,
Yale
University
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Objections to Contextualism," forthcoming, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.
- "Direct Warrant Realism," in A. Dole and A. Chignell, ed., God and the Ethics of
Belief: New Essays in Philosophy of Religion (Cambridge
UP, 2005), pp. 150-172.
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Invariantism," The Philosophical Quarterly 55 (2005): 172-198.
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119
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and
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(2002):
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Twentieth
World
Congress of Philosophy (Philosophy Documentation Center, 2000);
Vol.
V, Epistemology: 91-106.
- "How Can We Know That We're Not Brains in Vats?" The
Southern
Journal
of Philosophy 38 (2000), Spindel Conference Supplement: 121-148.
- "Ought We to Follow Our Evidence?", Philosophy and
Phenomenological
Research 60 (2000): 697-706.
- "Can It Be That It Would Have Been Even Though It Might Not
Have Been?" Philosophical
Perspectives 13 (1999): 385-413
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Sosa,
ed., The
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(Oxford
UP, 1999).
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(1999), pp. 1-24.
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Future," The
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- "Knowledge, Assertion, and Lotteries," Australasian Journal
of
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74 (1996): 568-580.
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104
(1995):
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- Michael
Devitt, City University of New York, Graduate Center
- "No Place for the A Priori," forthcoming in M.J. Shaffer and M.
Veber, eds., New Views of the A
Priori in Physical Theory, Rodopi Press.
- "There Is no A Priori,"
in M. Steup, E. Sosa, ed., Contemporary
Debates in Epistemology (Blackwell, 2005), pp. 105-115.
- "Underdetermination and Realism," Philosophical Issues 12 (2002):
26-50.
- "Naturalism and the A Priori," Philosophical Studies 92 (1998):
45-65.
- Fred
Dretske,
Stanford University (emeritus)
- "The Case Against Closure," in M. Steup, E. Sosa, ed., Contemporary Debates in Epistemology
(Blackwell, 2005), pp. 13-26.
- Perception, Knowledge, and Belief : Selected Essays
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94
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- Gary Ebbs,
University
of Illionois,
Urbana
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Studies
105 (2001): 43-58.
- Jim Edwards, University of Glasgow
- "Burge on Testimony and Memory," Analysis 60 (2000):
124-131.
- Catherine
Elgin, Harvard University (School of Education)
- "Non-foundationalist Epistemology: Holism, Coherence, and
Tenability," in M. Steup, E. Sosa, ed., Contemporary Debates in Epistemology
(Blackwell, 2005), pp. 156-167.
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and Phenomenological Research 65 (2002): 291-308.
- Considered Judgment, Princeton UP, 1996.
- "Unnatural Science," Journal of Philosophy 92 (1995):
289-302.
- Mylan
Engel,
Nothern Illinois University
- “Internalism, the Gettier Problem, and Metaepistemological
Skepticism,” Grazer
Philosophische Studien 60 (2000).
- Pascal
Engel, University of Paris-Sorbonne
- "The Norms of Thought: Are They Social?," Mind and Society 2 (2002): 129-148.
- "Dispositional Belief, Assent and Acceptance," Dialectica 53 (1999): 211-226.
- "Volitionism and Voluntarism about Belief," in A. Meijers, ed.,
Belief, Cognition and the Will
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(1998).
- Theodore J. Everett, SUNY, Geneseo
- "The Rationality of Science and the Rationality of Faith," Journal
of
Philosophy 98 (2001): 19-42.
- Simon Evnine,
University
of Miami
- "Epistemic Unities," Erkenntnis
59 (2003): 365-88.
- “The Universality of Logic: On the Connection between
Rationality and
Logical
Ability,” Mind 110 (2001): 335-67
- "Learning from One's Mistakes: Epistemic Modesty and the Nature
of
Belief," Pacific
Philosophical Quarterly 82 (2001): 157-177.
- “Believing Conjunctions,” Synthese 118 (1999): 201-227.
- Evan Fales,
University of Iowa
- "Proper Basicality," Philosophy
and Phenomenological Research 68 (2004): 373-383.
- "Does Religion Experience Justify Religious Belief?: Do Mystics
See God?" in M. Peterson, ed., Contemporary
Debates in Philosophy of Religion (Blackwell, 2004), pp. 145-158.
- critical study of Alvin Plantinga, Warranted Christian Belief, Nous 37 (2003): 353-370.
- A Defense of the Given,
Rowman and Littlefield, 1996.
- "Mystical Experience as Evidence," International Journal for Philosophy of
Religion 40 (1996): 19-46.
- "Plantinga's Case Against Naturalistic Epistemology," Philosophy of Science 63 (1996):
432-451.
- Kevin
Falvey, University of California, Santa Barbara
- "Memory and Knowledge of Content", in S. Nuccetelli, ed., New Essays on Semantic Externalism and
Self-Knowledge (MIT Press, 2003).
- "The Basis of First Person Authority," Philosophical Topics 28 (2000):
69-99.
- "Knowledge in Intention," Philosophical Studies 99
(2000):
21-44.
- "The Compatibility of Anti-Individualism and Privileged
Access," Analysis 60
(2000): 137-142.
- "A Natural History of Belief," Pacific Philosophical
Quarterly
80
(1999): 324-345.
- Jeremy
Fantl, University of Calgary
- with Matthew McGrath, "Knowledge and the Purely Epistemic: A
Defense of Pragmatic Encroachment," forthcoming, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.
- "An Analysis of the A Priori and A Posteriori," Acta Analytica 18 (2003): 43-69.
- "Modest Infinitism," Canadian
Journal of Philosophy 33 (2003): 537-562.
- with Robert Howell, "Sensations, Swatches, and Speckled Hens," Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 84
(2003): 371-383.
- with Matthew McGrath, “Evidence, Pragmatics, and
Justification,” Philosophical Review
111 (2002): 67-94.
- Paul
Faulkner,
University of Sheffield
- "An Epistemic Role of Trust", in Falcone, Barber, Singh, and
Korba, L.,
ed., Trust, Reputation and Security: Theories and Practice
(Springer
forthcoming).
- "On the Rationality of Our Response to Testimony," Synthese
131
(2002): 353-370.
- "The Social Character of Testimonial Knowledge," Journal of
Philosophy
97 (2000): 581-601.
- "Testimonial Knowledge," Acta Analytica 15 (2000).
- "David Hume's Reductionist Epistemology of Testimony," Pacific
Philosophical
Quarterly 79 (1998).
- Neil
Feit, SUNY, Fredonia
- "Rationality and Puzzling Beliefs," Philosophy and
Phenomenological
Research 63 (2001): 29-55.
- Richard
Feldman,
University of Rochester
- "Justification Is Internal," in M. Steup, E. Sosa, ed., Contemporary Debates in Epistemology
(Blackwell, 2005), pp. 270-284.
- with E. Conee, "Some Virtues of Evidentialism," Veritas 50 (2005), no. 4: 95-108.
- with E. Conee, Evidentialism, Oxford UP, 2004.
- "Foundational Justification," in J. Greco, ed., Ernest Sosa and His Critics
(Blackwell, 2004), pp. 42-58.
- with E. Conee, "Typing Problems" (a response to Adler and
Levin's "Is
the
Generality Problem too General?"), Philosophy and Phenomenological
Research
65 (2002): 98-105.
- "Skeptical Problems, Contextualist Solutions," Philosophical
Studies
103 (2001): 61-85.
- with E. Conee, "Internalism Defended," American
Philosophical
Quarterly
38 (2001): 1-18.
- "Kvanvig on Externalism and Epistemology Worth Doing," The
Southern
Journal of Philosophy 38 (2000), Spindel Conference Supplement:
43-50.
- "Epistemology, Argumentation, and Citizenship," forthcoming, Proceedings
of the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy (Philosophy
Documentation
Center, 1999); Vol. 3, pp. 89-106.
- "The Ethics of Belief," Philosophy and Phenomenological
Research 60
(2000): 667-695.
- "Methodological Naturalism in Epistemology," in J. Greco and E.
Sosa,
ed., The
Blackwell Guide to Epistemology (Blackwell Publishers, 1999), pp.
170-186.
- "Contextualism and Skepticism," Philosophical Perspectives
13
(1999):
91-114.
- with E. Conee, "The Generality Problem for Reliabilism," Philosophical
Studies 89 (1998): 1-29.
- "Plantinga, Gettier, and Warrant," in J. Kvanvig ed., Warrant
and
Contemporary
Epistemology (Rowman & Littlefield, 1996): 199-220.
- "In Defense of Closure," Philosophical Quarterly 45
(1995):
487-494.
- "Authoritarian Epistemology," Philosophical Topics 23
(1995):
147-170.
- Hartry
Field,
New York University
- "Recent Debates about the A Priori," forthcoming in Oxford Studies in Epistemology 1
(2005).
- "Indeterminacy, Degree of Belief, and Excluded Middle," Noûs
34 (2000): 1-30.
- "Apriority as an Evaluative Notion," in Boghossian, Peacocke,
ed., New
Essays on the A Priori (Oxford UP, 2000), pp. 117-149.
- "Epistemological Nonfactualism and the A Prioricity of Logic," Philosophical
Studies 92 (1998): 1-24.
- "The A Prioricity of Logic," Proceedings of the
Aristotelian Society
96 (1996): 359-379.
- Kit Fine,
New York University
- "Our Knowledge of Mathematical Objects," forthcoming in Oxford Studies in Epistemology 1
(2005).
- Branden Fitelson,
University of California, Berkeley
- “Likelihoodism, Bayesianism, and Relational Confirmation,”
forthcoming, Synthese.
- with A. Waterman, “Bayesianism and Auxiliary Hypotheses
Revisited: A Reply to Strevens,” forthcoming, British Journal for the Philosophy of
Science.
- with Jim Hawthorne, “Re-Solving Irrelevant Conjunction with
Probabilistic Independence, Philosophy
of Science 71 (2004): 505–514.
- “A Probabilistic Theory of Coherence,” Analysis 63 (2003): 194–199.
- with D. Bradley, “Monty Hall, Doomsday, and Confirmation,” Analysis 63 (2003): 23–31.
- “Putting the Irrelevance Back Into the Problem of Irrelevant
Conjunction,” Philosophy of Science
69 (2002): 611–622.
- with E. Eells, “Symmetries and Asymmetries in Evidential
Support,” Philosophical Studies
107 (2002): 129–142.
- with L. Bovens, S. Hartmann, J. Snyder, “Too Odd (not) to Be
True? A Reply to Erik J. Olsson: ‘Corroborating Testimony,
Probability and Surprise’,” British
Journal for the Philosophy of Science 53 (2002): 539–563.
- “A Bayesian Account of Independent Evidence with Applications” Philosophy of Science 68 (2001):
S123–40.
- with E. Eells, “Measuring Confirmation and Evidence,” Journal of Philosophy 97 (2000):
121–232.
- “The Plurality of Bayesian Measures of Confirmation and the
Problem of Measure Sensitivity,” Philosophy
of Science 66 (1999): S362–78.
- with E. Sober, “Plantinga’s Probability Arguments Against
Evolutionary Naturalism,” Pacific
Philosophical Quarterly 79 (1998) 115–29. Reprinted in R.
Pennock, ed., Intelligent Design Creationism and its Critics, MIT Press.
- “Wayne, Horwich, and Evidential Diversity,” Philosophy of Science 63 (1996):
652–60.
- Robert Fogelin, Dartmouth College
- "Contextualism and Externalism: Trading in One Form of
Skepticism for
Another"
(pp. 43-57) and "Replies [to Rosenberg, Villanueva, Valdes-Villanueva,
and Williams]" (pp. 86-93), Philosophical Issues 10 (2000).
- "The Sceptic's Burden," International Journal of
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(1999): 159-172.
- "Garrett on the Consistency of Hume's Philosophy," Hume
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24 (1998): 161-169.
- "Quine's Limited Naturalism," Journal of Philosophy
(1997):
543-563.
- "Prècis" (pp. 395-400) and "What Does a Pyrrhonist
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