My goal is to pull together some resources in epistemology. I have
very
limited time for maintaining this page, so it is bound to be very
incomplete.
Hopefully, though, there will be enough material here for the page to
be
somewhat useful to those interested in epistemology.
When I started using hit meters on this page, I
became aware of the fact that this page gets a lot of internet traffic,
much of it apparently from surfers who
are referred here from Google searches, mainly on the term
"epistemology."
I suspect many of those surfers are looking for more basic information
than I provide here. Indeed, many are probably seeking a fairly
basic
answer to the question "What is epistemology?", and/or basic
introductory
material on what the main topics in the field are, while this page is
intended as a research aid for those who already have a pretty good
idea of
what epistemology is.
So, for those looking for more basic information,
see:What
Is Epistemology? A Brief Introduction to the Topic.
Also On-Line: Contextualism
in Epistemology - A Bibliography.
.
Blog, hopelessly devoted to
epistemology: Certain
Doubts.
Contents:
1. Collections and anthologies
2. Some Epistemology courses with Syllabi/Information
On-Line
3. Graduate Programs strong in epistemology and
Epistemologists on the Move 4. Some Epistemologists and Some of Their
Epistemological
Publications (since 1995)
A
. C . F . H . K
. M . R . T .
5. Other Epistemology sites
.
1. Collections and anthologies
(This section has gotten stale; I hope to update it in the
not-too-distant future. That or just delete it.)
....................
Around the turn of the century (and of the millennium), a few
collections
of epistemology papers came out, which provided excellent entries into
the field. These collections are now several years old, and so no
longer provide such a cutting-edge-recent introductions to what's going
on now in epistemology. But keeping in mind that one will have to
also investigate what's been happening in the last few years, these are
still useful enough for students interested in the field that I will
list
them here.
-Philosophical Perspectives is an annual which is on a
different topic every year; 1999 was epistemology's turn (vol.
13).
This volume has many papers, many of them by the "usual suspects" in
the
field. A student who wanted to get up on the recent state of
epistemology
(at least as of 1999) would do well to start with this volume, find
some
topics that interested her, and then trace the trail of citations back
to find other literature on those topics. Blackwell Publishers
now
includes Philosophical Perspectives as a supplement to their
journal
Noûs.
To view the contents or to order, see Blackwell's site here,
or you can order through Amazon.com by clicking here.
-Another good entry to the field is the Blackwell
Guide to Epistemology (1999). The editors of that volume,
John Greco and Ernest Sosa, commisioned various epistemologists to
write
seventeen "survey articles," each one on a major area of
epistemology.
But in addition to describing the current state of each sub-field, each
article also sought to advance the topic. The description on the
Blackwell web page: "Each essay in the volume incorporates background
material
serving to clarify the history and logic of the relevant topic; as well
as new material by a leading author in the field." (Barnes
& Noble.com, Amazon.com)
-Matthias Steup and Ernest Sosa eds., Contemporary
Debates in Epistemology (Blackwell, 2005) is an excellent
resource, consisting of "original essays on some of the most hotly
debated issues in the field. Is knowledge contextual? Can skepticism be
refuted? Can beliefs be justified through coherence alone? Is justified
belief responsible belief?" (from Blackwell's description).
Though I've read very little of the book yet, the line-up of issues and
of contributors looks super. The following philosophers debate
the following issues:
-Fred Dretske and John Hawthorne: "Is
Knowledge Closed under Known Entailment?"
-Earl Conee and Stewart Cohen: "Is
Knowledge Contextual?"
-Jonathan Vogel and Richard Fumerton:
"Can Skepticism Be Refuted?"
-Laurence BonJour and Michael Devitt:
"Is There A Priori Knowledge?"
-Peter Klein and Carl Ginet: "Is
Infinitism the Solution to the Regress Problem?"
-Catherine Z. Elgin and James Van
Cleve: "Can Beliefs Be Justified through Coherence Alone?"
-James Pryor and Michael Williams: "Is
There Immediate Justification?"
-Bill Brewer and Alex Byrne: "Does
Perceptual Experience Have Conceptual Content?"
-John Greco and Richard Feldman: "Is
Justification Internal?"
-Jonathan Kvanvig and Marian David: "Is
Truth the Primary Epistemic Goal?"
-Richard Foley and Nicholas
Wolterstorff: "Is Justified Belief Responsible Belief?"
-Vol. 10 (2000) of Philosophical Issues is on Skepticism.
-Vol. 14 (2004) of Philosophical
Issues is on epistemology generally.
And here are some not-so-recent-but not-all-that-old
collections:
Philosophical Topics 23 (1995).
Philosophical Perspectives 2 (1988).
Philosophical Topics 14 (1986).
Midwest Studies in Philosophy 5 (1980).
(OK, OK, I know that last one is now older than many current
undergrads.
But one's standards for "not-all-that-old" get pretty lax as one
ages.
Hey, isn't it about time for Midwest Studies to do epistemology
again?)
The above were all collections of previously unpublished
papers.
The following are recent (you'll be hard-pressed to find undergrads
younger
than these collections) anthologies of previously published
epistemology
papers.
Many teachers, looking for a single book of contemporary writings for
an
epistemology course, will find that Bernecker & Dretske and Sosa
&
Kim are their finalists. Comparing the table of contents of those
two anthologies (for the Bernecker & Dretske anthology, there is a
link to the table of contents on the right side of the OUP page for the
book),
the difference that leaps out first is that the Bernecker & Dretske
collection has three pieces by Dretske (plus one by Bernecker), but
absolutely
no Sosa, while the Sosa & Kim anthology contains two papers by
Sosa,
but absolutely none by Dretske. But there are many other
differences.
Each instructor should examine the tables of contents, and make her own
choice. Those who want an all-in-one anthology for a general
epistemology
course that contains historical as well as recent writings, in addition
to Pojman's antholology, might also want to check out Huemer's
collection
(follow the above link for a list of contents), which, despite its
title,
does include selections by Plato, Sextus, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley,
Hume,
Reid, Kant, Russell, Moore, Ayer, Carnap, Quine, and others.
Finally, teachers of introductory epistemology classes often like to
teach from an epistemology textbook. As it happens, I haven't
taught
a beginning epistemology class in quite a few years, and even when I
did
teach such a course, I taught from an anthology, so I can't really
speak
to which are the better textbooks. But here are some that have
been
suggested to me (hopefully, I'll be able to get links up to them soon):
Robert Audi, Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction
(Routledge,
2003).
3. Graduate Programs strong in epistemology -- updated April '06
From time to time I am asked, mostly by philosophers
who have an
undergraduate
student who is interested in going on to do graduate work in
philosophy,
which are the best departments to go to for epistemology. For
what
it's worth, here are my thoughts on the subject.
First of all, instead of asking me, you should check out Brian
Leiter's Philosophical
Gourmet Report, which is a good resource for anyone interested in
graduate work in philosophy. Particularly helpful is Leiter's "Breakdown
of Programs by Specialties" which, for many particular areas of
philosophy,
including epistemology,
ranks departments by how strong they are in that area. In the
previous (2002-04) PGR, those area evaluations were arrived at through
e-mail discussions of the members of the PGR advisory board that worked
in the area in question. This time around (2004-06), the area
rankings were determined by a survey of experts in the field -- where
the group of experts was quite a bit broader than just the advisory
board members that did the rankings last time around. Here
are the top 6 in epistemology, according to the PGR: Rutgers is listed all by
itself in Group 1, Oxford
is listed by itself in Group 2, and in Group 3 we find (listed
alphabetically) Brown,
New York University, Princeton, and U of Notre
Dame. Those results seemed fairly sound to me when they came
out. (Follow
the link above to see the rest of the departments that get ranked below
those 6.) But there have been significant changes since the
latest PGR came out. Here are some further thoughts about the
relevant departments, and also some discussion of the impact of recent
changes.
Boasting several very prominent epistemologists on its faculty, Rutgers
was well-chosen as the top program in epistemology. Alvin
Goldman, Peter Klein, Ernest Sosa, and Stephen Stich constitute a
formidable line-up of senior epistemologists. Additionally,
and importantly, Rutgers also has several excellent faculty members
who,
though epistemology is not their main area of research, have done or do
good work in the area: Brian Loar, Barry Loewer, Brian
McLaughlin, and Jason Stanley. A graduate student could easily
put together an
outstanding
dissertation
committee for a wide variety of dissertation topics in epistemology at
Rutgers. However, since the last PGRs, there have been several
changes in Rutgers's faculty, the net effect of which are probably a
bit to the negative side for epistemology. First, the positive:
On the faculty lists on which the last PGRs were based, Sosa was listed
as part-time at Rutgers because he was splitting time between
Brown and Rutgers, but, as reported here,
Sosa will be moving to full-time at Rutgers, beginning in January
2007. Now the negative: First, as reported
here, Colin McGinn has left Rutgers for the University of Miami.
McGinn was not primarily an epistemologist, but he had done some
prominent work in the area. Second, as reported here,
John Hawthorne is leaving Rutgers. Actually, this might not hurt
Rutgers relative to the last PGRs as much as one might initially think,
because, while Hawthorne was on Rutgers's faculty list for the last
PGRs, much of his reputation in epistemology is based on recent work
that has come out since those surveys were done -- especially his book,
Knowledge and Lotteries.
It's hard to measure the net effect of those changes, but my best guess
is that it all works out to a slight negative for Rutgers. But
though the negative effect, if any, is slight, Rutgers's standing as
the
by-themselves-tops in epistemology is more questionable than it was
when the last PGRs were done because their loss of Hawthorne was to
their chief rival in epistemology...
Oxford University features Timothy Williamson, one of the
world's top epistemologists and author
of Knowledge and Its Limits
(Oxford UP,
2000), one of the best and most important books in epistemology in
recent years. (In fact, in my view, that's a bit of an
understatement: I'm on record as saying KAIL is the best book in epistemology to
come out since 1975.) Also at Oxford is Ralph Wedgwood who has
written some excellent papers
in epistemology, and several other faculty who have episemology as an
area of interest. And now John Hawthorne will be going to
Oxford. Adding another prominent epistemologist helps Oxford
quite a bit in the area -- and helps them a lot more than it hurts
Rutgers, since Rutgers still has many top epistemologists left even
after Hawthorne's departure. Will the result of all the changes
be that Oxford moves up into Group 1, along with Rutgers? That's
hard for me to predict. When I had learned of Hawthorne's
deciding to go to Oxford, but had not yet heard of Sosa's moving to
full-time status as Rutgers, my very tentative guess was that there
would be such a co-grouping. Now, with Sosa's change in status,
I'm more uncertain than ever.
NYU will probably (and should probably) be moving ahead of
the other programs they were listed along with in Group 3 of the last
PGRs, with the possible
exception of Notre Dame. Their
epistemology team is anchored by three excellent senior
epistemologists, Paul
Bogghossian, Richard Foley, and James Pryor. Foley is
serving
as a Dean at NYU, as well as
being a member of the philosophy department, so there is no doubt very
stiff
competition
for his time and energy. (A look at Foley's recent publishing
record, however, shows that he has remained very active in his
epistemological writing, despite his duties as Dean.) But Pryor
has been added since the last PGRs, coming to NYU from Princeton, as
reported here.
This is big boost to NYU in epistemology, as Pryor is one of the most
prominent of the younger-tenured epistemologists. NYU also
has Crispin Wright listed on
their web page as a "regular visitor,"
but he probably shouldn't count too much because my PGR survey has him
listed as only quarter-time at NYU. Importantly, NYU also has
some other
outstanding
philosophers who, though epistemology might not be among their current
main
area of research, would be very good to work with there. Peter
Unger, though he now works mainly in other areas, used to be
primarily
an epistemologist (and an excellent one, too: there's a reason why I
picked 1975 as the year since which Williamson's KAIL is the best
epistemology book: I'd pick Unger's '75 skeptical treatise, Ignorance, as the best book in
epistemology since I-don't-know(!)-when). And, very notably,
Roger White has done some excellent recent work in epistemology.
In fact, White's recent work has been tending toward epistemology
enough that he should perhaps be counted as among NYU's excellent
epistemologists, and not just as an excellent philosopher who
occasionally works in the area. And
there are
several
other faculty members at NYU whom I think it would be very exciting to
work with in epistemology. Hartry Field's important work often
takes
him deeply into epistemological territory, and he could be an excellent
guide to some of this territory. And, though they don't list
epistemology
as one of their areas (at least on NYU's faculty web page), Stephen
Schiffer
and Thomas Nagel have each done some fairly recent work there. Some may
reasonably think that NYU may rival Oxford, or perhaps
even Rutgers, in epistemology. (I
should divulge that I may be biased in favor of NYU: My first job was
there,
and I know some of the people there very well. Still, I think my
advice here is sound.)
Notre Dame's epistemology
team is anchored by Alvin Plantinga, whose old (1980s) work in
religious epistemology proved to be provocative and important, and
whose
recent trilogy of books in epistemology -- Warrant: The Current Debate (1993),
Warrant and Proper Function
(1993), and Warranted Christian
Belief (2000)
-- constitute one of the major achievments in the field in
recent years. Joining Plantinga recently (but in time for this
change to have been already figured into the last PGRs) is Robert
Audi, an epistemologist
who has done a
lot of important work in the area, and who was hired away from
Nebraska, and an exciting team of
considerably younger tenured epistemologists: Marian David, Michael
Depaul, Leopold Stubenberg, and Ted Warfield.
Gilbert Harman and James Pryor were Princeton
epistemology's dynamic duo. With Pryor having left for NYU, look
for Princeton to drop noticeably in the next PGR epistemology
rankings. Princeton did hire Tom Kelly away from Notre Dame since
the last PGRs, however -- though this was settled in time that Kelly
was already on Princeton's faculty list for the most recent PGRs.
Though untenured at this point, Kelly
seems to be an excellent young epistemologist with some first-rate
papers to his name already.
Brown, too, should fall very
noticeably. Christopher Hill, an excellent senior epistemologist,
remains. But much of Brown's reputation in the area no doubt
derived from the presence of Ernest Sosa, one of the leading
epistemologists in the country, who has now moved full-time to
Rutgers. Sosa was already splitting time between Brown and
Rutgers when the last PGRs were done, but he was listed normally
(rather than part-time) at Brown (and part-time at Rutgers), so Brown
is likely to be hurt
quite badly by this change. Also, James Van Cleve, who is not
primarily an epistemologist, but who has done some important and
excellent work in the area, had been listed as splitting time between
Brown and USC, but will now be full-time at USC, as reported here.
Remaining at Brown, however, is Jaegwon
Kim,
who, like Van Cleve, has done some important work in epistemology,
though it isn't his main area.
Since the last PGRs, my own department, at Yale,
has added George
Bealer, much of whose important work has been in epistemology,
especially on a priori knowledge. And now we have also (very
recently) added Tamar Gendler, co-editor (along with John Hawthorne) of
the prestigious Oxford Studies in
Epistemology. Much of Gendler's interesting
epistemological work to date is in areas of overlap between
epistemology and other areas of philosophy (e.g., philosophy of mind,
the theory of modality, philosophy of science). Also coming to
Yale from Cornell is Zoltán Szabó. Though
Szabó is not an epistemologist, he is an excellent philosopher
of language whose work can be very helpful to students who work in
areas of overlap between epistemology and philosophy of language.
Since Yale is my
own department, there is a danger of bias in my judgment about where
these moves will likely leave Yale in terms of epistemology. But
the facts are that Yale was already ranked in Group 4 in the most
recent PGR epistemology rankings, and since then we haven't lost any
epistemologists (Robin Jeshion's leaving Yale was already figured into
those latest rankings), and have added Bealer and Gendler. So
Yale should be a very good choice for potential epistemologists.
But I probably shouldn't speculate beyond that, given my involvement in
the situation.
Fordham University was listed in the
most recent PGR epistemology evaluations as one of two programs that,
though they were not part of the PGR survey, were programs that in the
judgment of the PGR epistemology advisory board ought to be considered
by students interested in epistemology -- largely on the strength of
the presence of John Greco. And since that latest PGR, Fordham
has added Bryan Frances, much of whose recent work has been in
epistemology. Update 5/11/06:
It is now reported
that Greco will be leaving Fordham to go to Saint Louis
University. UC-Davis, which has hired Stephen
Hartmann and Jonathan Vogel since the last PGR surveys were done, will
probably (or at least should probably) be moving into a group with the
departments currently listed in Group 5 in epistemology, or possibly
with those currently in Group 4.
For the most part, and unsurprisingly, the top departments in
epistemology tend to also be among the top programs overall in
philosophy. Consider the programs that were in the last PGR's top
6 (Groups 1-3) in epistemology. Rutgers, NYU, Oxford, and
Princeton are all
good
enough overall that they arguably constitute the top 4 philosophy
departments
in the
English-speaking world, and are certainly at least not too far from
that; Notre Dame is several slots behind them, and Brown still several
more. For prospective epistemology students, that's both
good news and bad. Good because it's important to go to a program
with good over-all strength, and not just one good in your own area of
specialization. Bad because, being among the very top programs,
they are no doubt highly selective in admissions and therefore tough to
get into. (Going just by over-all ranking -- and I don't have
much else to go by here -- Notre Dame and, even more so, Brown, might
be a bit easier to get into than the other four.) Prospective
students interested in epistemology are
therefore well-advised to also look into other programs strong in
epistemology; see the list of strong programs in the PGR, following the
above links.
But in choosing a program for epistemology, whether it's one of the
"top 6" mentioned above, or one of the Group 4 or Group 5 programs
listed in the PGR, or one of the programs that didn't make the lists,
much will depend, of course, on how
well
your approach, style, and particular interests match up with the
faculty at the
various
programs. On that score, you might do well to read some of the
published
papers of the relevant faculty, and find someone whose work interests
you.
As a start, you can check out the depatments' and individuals' web
sites,
to which I've provided some links (in this section, for some of the
departments [for other departments, you can use my list of links to philosophy
programs with PhD programs],
and below for many of the individual epistemologists).
Unfortunately, you will find that, believe it or not, very many
philosophers, including very many from departments with graduate
programs, don't even bother to post
their CVs or a reasonably complete list of publications
on-line!
Still, many do, and one can get quite a bit of helpful information
on-line.
Hope this is of some help, future colleagues in epistemology.
Remember that it's just one epistemologist's opinion. Talk to
your
adivsors about it.
Epistemologists
on the Move. The following significant moves of
epistemologists were announced after the latest PGR rankings, and so
weren't taken account of in those rankings:
George Bealer: Left the University of Texas for Yale University;
began at Yale in Fall of '05.
Michael Bishop: Presently at Northern Illinois, but has accepted
an offer to move to Florida State
Bryan Frances: Left Leeds for Fordham; began at Fordham in the
Fall of '05
Tamar Gendler: Will be leaving Cornell to start at Yale in the
Fall of
'06
John Greco: Will be leaving Fordham to go to Saint Louis
University.
Stephen Hartmann: Presently at LSE; has accepted an offer to
UC-Davis.
John Hawthorne: Presently at Rutgers University, but has accepted
an
offer at Oxford University.
Jonathan Kvanvig: Presently at Missouri, but has accepted an
offer to go to Baylor.
Keith Lehrer: Presently at Arizona, has accepted a Resarch
Professorship at Miami; some details here.
James Pryor: Left Princeton University for NYU, began at NYU in
the
Fall of '05.
Sherrilyn Roush: Presently at Rice, but has accepted an offer to
go to UC-Berkeley.
Ernest Sosa: Has been splitting time between Brown and Rutgers,
but
will be moving to full-time status at Rutgers and leaving Brown,
starting January of '07.
Jonathan Vogel: Presently at Amherst College; has accepted an
offer at UC-Davis, to begin there in the Fall of '06.
.
4. Some Epistemologists and Some of Their Epistemological
Publications
(since 1995)
................
This list is far from exhaustive. I add
publications
and epistemologists willy-nilly as I come across them or as they're
suggested
to me. (So if an epistemology paper of yours isn't listed, or if
you're an epistemologist who isn't listed, don't conclude that I've
looked at your paper, or at you, but judged them or you unworthy to be
included in this index. It may well even be that I did see your
paper and loved it, but didn't have my computer handy at the time, and
then didn't remember you & your paper when I did get around to
revising this page.) Still, many have
e-mailed to tell me that they
find this list very helpful, despite its limitations. Perhaps the most valuable aspect of the list are the links
to various epistemologists' homepages, where you can often find a much
more complete description of their epistemological (and other) work
(including
pre-1995 papers). A few epistemologists are listed
without
any papers listed below their names. This is because I'm not
aware
of any epistemology they've published since 1995. In each such
case,
they've done important epistemology in the past, so it was worth
providing
a link to their home page, where one can often find references to those
golden oldies.
"Tracking Theories of Knowledge," Veritas 50 (2005), no. 4: 11-35.
with M. Clarke, "Resurrecting the Tracking Theories," Australasian
Journal of Philosophy 83 (2005): 207-221.
"Knowledge," in Floridi, ed., The
Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Information and Computing
(Blackwell, 2004), pp. 228-236.
with M. Clarke, "Toward Saving Nozick from Kripke," in W.
Loffler and
P. Weingartner, eds., Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International
Wittgenstein Symposium (Kirchberg: The Austrian Wittgenstein
Society,
2003).
"Epistemology," in McHenry, Yagisawa, eds., Reflections on Philosophy, 2nd
Edition (Longman Press, 2003), pp. 81-101.
"Epistemic Engineering Audi-Style," in J. Heil, ed., Rationality, Morality, and Self-Interest:
Essays Honoring Mark Carl Overvold (Rowman & Littlefield,
1993), pp. 49-58.
Jonathan
Adler, Brooklyn College and the CUNY Graduate Center
"Reliabilist Justification (or Knowledge) as a Good
Truth-Ratio," Pacific
Philosophical Quarterly 86 (2005): 445-458.
"Diversity, Social Inquiries, and Epistemic Virtues," Veritas 50 (2005), no. 4: 37-52.
"Reconciling Open-Mindedness and Belief ," Theory and Research in Education 2
(2004): 127-142.
"The Revisability Paradox," Philosophical
Forum 34 (2003): 383-389.
"Perception and Representation," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
70 (2005): 253-289.
"Religious Experience Justifies Religious Belief," in M.
Peterson, ed., Contemporary Debates
in Philosophy of Religion (Blackwell, 2004), pp. 135-145.
"Sellars and the 'Myth of the Given'," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
65 (2002): 69-86.
"Back to the Theory of Appearing," Philosophical
Perspectives
13
(1999): 181-203.
"Perceptual Knowledge," in J. Greco and E. Sosa, ed., The
Blackwell
Guide to Epistemology (Blackwell Publishers, 1999), pp. 223-242.
"What is Distinctive About the Epistemology of Religious
Belief?" Proceedings
of the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy (Philosophy
Documentation
Center, 1999); Vol. IV, Philosophies of Religion, Art, and Creativity.
"Chisholm on the Epistemology of Perception," in L. Hahn, ed., The Philosophy of Roderick M. Chisholm
(Open-Court 1997).
"Belief, Acceptance, and Religious Faith," in J. Jordan, ed., Faith, Freedom, and Rationality:
Philosophy of Religion Today (Rowman and Littlefield, 1996).
D.M. Armstrong, University of Sydney
"A Naturalist Program: Epistemology and Ontology," Proceedings
and
Addresses
of the American Philosophical Association 73 (1999): 77-89.
"The Epistemic Authority of Testimony and the Ethics of
Belief,"
in A. Chignell and A.
Dole, ed., God and the Ethics of
Belief: New Essays in Philosophy of Religion (Cambridge
UP, 2005), pp. 175-201.
"Intellectual Virtue and Epistemic Power," in J. Greco, ed., Ernest Sosa and His Critics
(Blackwell, 2004), pp. 3-16.
The Architecture of Reason: The Structure and Substance of
Rationality (Oxford
UP, 2001)
Religious Commitment and Secular Reason (Cambridge UP,
2000)
"The Origins of Modal Error," Dialectica
58 (2004): 11-42.
"Modal Epistemology and the Rationalist Renaissance," in
Gendler,
Hawthorne,
eds., Conceivability and Possibility (Oxford UP, 2002), pp.
71-125.
"A Priori Knowledge," Proceedings of the Twentieth World
Congress
of
Philosophy (Philosophy Documentation Center, 2000); Vol. V,
Epistemology:
1-12.
"A Theory Of The A Priori," Philosophical Perspectives
13
(1999):
29-55.
"The A Priori," in J. Greco and E. Sosa, ed., The Blackwell
Guide
to
Epistemology (Blackwell Publishers, 1999), pp. 243-270.
"Intuition and The Autonomy of Philosophy," in DePaul, Ramsey,
eds., Rethinking
Intuition: The Psychology of Intuition and Its Role in Philosophical
Inquiry
(Rowman and Littlefield, 1998), pp. 201-239.
"A Priori Knowledge and the Scope of Philosophy" (pp. 121-142)
and "A
Priori
Knowledge: Replies to William Lycan and Ernest Sosa" (pp. 163-174), Philosophical
Studies 81 (1996).
"On the Possibility of Philosophical Knowledge," Philosophical
Perspectives
10 (1996): 1-34.
“Rule-Following Made Easy,” in W. Löffler, P. Weingartner,
eds., Knowledge and Belief
(öbv-hpt, 2004): 63-69.
“Believing That You Know And Knowing That You Believe,” in R.
Schantz, ed., The Externalist
Challenge (de Gruyter 2004): 369-376.
“Impliziert Erinnerung Wissen?”, in T. Grundmann, ed., Erkenntnistheorie (Mentis Verlag
2001): 145-64.
Knowledge: Readings in
Contemporary Epistemology, ed. with Fred Dretske (Oxford
University Press 2000).
“Knowing the World by Knowing One’s Mind,” Synthese 123 (2000): 1-34.
“Self-Knowledge and Closure,” in P. Ludlow, N. Martin, eds., Externalism and Self-Knowledge
(CSLI Publications 1998): 333-349.
“Externalism and the Attitudinal Component of Self-Knowledge,” Nous 30 (1996): 262-275.
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with D. Henderson, "Practicing Safe Epistemology," Philosophical
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William Lycan,
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with S. Stich, J. Weinberg, "Meta-Skepticism: Meditations in
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Ilkka Niiniluoto, University of Helsinki
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“Probabilistic Anti-Luminosity,” forthcoming in Q. Smith, ed., Epistemology: New Philosophical Essays
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“Can Cognition Be Factorised into Internal and External
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